Medical Marijuana Implementation in the State of Arizona

 Cannabis is not single-handedly the most abused illicit drug in the allied States (Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004; NIDA, 2010) it is in fact the most abused illegal drug worldwide (UNODC, 2010). In the associated States it is a schedule-I substance which means that it is legally considered as having no medical use and it is terribly addictive (US DEA, 2010). Doweiko (2009) explains that not every cannabis has abuse potential. He as a result suggests using the common terminology marijuana later referring to cannabis like abuse potential. For the sake of clarity this terminology is used in this paper as well.

Today, marijuana is at the forefront of international controversy debating the appropriateness of its widespread illegal status. In many hold states it has become legalized for medical purposes. This trend is known as "medical marijuana" and is strongly celebrated by advocates even if simultaneously loathed scratchily by opponents (Dubner, 2007; Nakay, 2007; Van Tuyl, 2007). It is in this context that it was approved to choose the topic of the monster and pharmacological effects of marijuana for the basis of this research article.

What is marijuana?

Marijuana is a tree-plant more correctly called cannabis sativa. As mentioned, some cannabis sativa flora and fauna get not have abuse potential and are called hemp. Hemp is used widely for various fiber products including newspaper and artist's canvas. Cannabis sativa next abuse potential is what we call marijuana (Doweiko, 2009). It is interesting to note that although widely studies for many years, there is a lot that researchers nevertheless do not know roughly marijuana. Neuroscientists and biologists know what the effects of marijuana are but they still do not adequately comprehend why (Hazelden, 2005).

Deweiko (2009), Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs (2004) dwindling out that of approximately four hundred known chemicals found in the cannabis plants, researchers know of beyond sixty that are thought to have psychoactive effects upon the human brain. The most capably known and potent of these is -9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. considering Hazelden (2005), Deweiko states that though we know many of the neurophysical effects of THC, the reasons THC produces these effects are unclear.

Neurobiology:

As a psychoactive substance, THC directly affects the central agitated system (CNS). It affects a gigantic range of neurotransmitters and catalyzes further biochemical and enzymatic activity as well. The CNS is stimulated similar to the THC activates specific neuroreceptors in the brain causing the various physical and emotional reactions that will be expounded upon more specifically new on. The unaided substances that can trigger neurotransmitters are substances that mimic chemicals that the brain produces naturally. The fact that THC stimulates brain take steps teaches scientists that the brain has natural cannabinoid receptors. It is nevertheless vague why humans have natural cannabinoid receptors and how they accomplishment (Hazelden, 2005; Martin, 2004). What we attain know is that marijuana will stir cannabinoid receptors up to twenty era more actively than any of the body's natural neurotransmitters ever could (Doweiko, 2009).

Perhaps the biggest inscrutability of every is the association amongst THC and the neurotransmitter serotonin. Serotonin receptors are among the most stimulated by all psychoactive drugs, but most specifically alcohol and nicotine. Independent of marijuana's link like the chemical, serotonin is already a little understood neurochemical and its supposed neuroscientific roles of full of life and plan are nevertheless mostly college (Schuckit & Tapert, 2004). What neuroscientists have found definitively is that marijuana smokers have unquestionably high levels of serotonin activity (Hazelden, 2005). I would hypothesize that it may be this association amongst THC and serotonin that explains the "marijuana keep program" of achieving abstinence from alcohol and allows marijuana smokers to avoid pining termination symptoms and avoid cravings from alcohol. The efficacy of "marijuana maintenance" for aiding alcohol abstinence is not scientific but is a phenomenon I have personally witnessed considering numerous clients.

Interestingly, marijuana mimics fittingly many neurological reactions of additional drugs that it is utterly difficult to classify in a specific class. Researchers will area it in any of these categories: psychedelic; hallucinogen; or serotonin inhibitor. It has properties that mimic thesame chemical responses as opioids. additional chemical responses mimic stimulants (Ashton, 2001; Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004). Hazelden (2005) classifies marijuana in its own special class - cannabinoids. The reason for this confusion is the complexity of the numerous psychoactive properties found within marijuana, both known and unknown. One recent client I axiom could not recover from the visual distortions he suffered as a result of pervasive psychedelic use as long as he was yet smoking marijuana. This seemed to be as a result of the psychedelic properties found within responsive cannabis (Ashton, 2001). Although not mighty plenty to develop these visual distortions on its own, marijuana was mighty sufficient to prevent the brain from healing and recovering.

Emotions:

Cannibinoid receptors are located throughout the brain thus affecting a broad variety of functioning. The most important on the emotional level is the stimulation of the brain's nucleus accumbens perverting the brain's natural return centers. complementary is that of the amygdala which controls one's emotions and fears (Adolphs, Trane, Damasio, & Damaslio, 1995; Van Tuyl, 2007).

I have observed that the stuffy marijuana smokers who I measure gone personally seem to ration a commonality of using the drug to direct their anger. This observation has evidenced based outcome and is the basis of much scientific research. Research has in fact found that the link with marijuana and managing anger is clinically significant (Eftekhari, Turner, & Larimer, 2004). exasperate is a reason mechanism used to protect against emotional outcome of adversity fueled by fear (Cramer, 1998). As stated, distress is a primary measure controlled by the amygdala which is heavily stimulated by marijuana use (Adolphs, Trane, Damasio, & Damaslio, 1995; Van Tuyl, 2007).

Neurophysical Effects of THC:

Neurological messages between transmitters and receptors not only manage emotions and psychological functioning. It is afterward how the body controls both volitional and nonvolitional functioning. The cerebellum and the basal ganglia run every instinctive pastime and coordination. These are two of the most abundantly stimulated areas of the brain that are triggered by marijuana. This explains marijuana's physiological effect causing altered blood pressure (Van Tuyl, 2007), and a weakening of the muscles (Doweiko, 2009). THC ultimately affects all neuromotor argument to some degree (Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004).

An fascinating phenomena I have witnessed in going on for every clients who identify marijuana as their drug of option is the use of marijuana smoking in the past eating. This is explained by effects of marijuana upon the "CB-1" receptor. The CB-1 receptors in the brain are found heavily in the limbic system, or the nucleolus accumbens, which controls the recompense pathways (Martin, 2004). These compensation pathways are what put-on the appetite and eating habits as ration of the body's natural survival instinct, causing us to crave eating food and rewarding us behind dopamine in the same way as we finally reach (Hazeldon, 2005). Martin (2004) makes this connection, pointing out that unique to marijuana users is the stimulation of the CB-1 receptor directly triggering the appetite.

What is tall grade and low grade?

A current client of mine explains how he originally smoked in the works to fifteen joints of "low grade" marijuana daily but eventually switched to "high grade" behind the low grade was starting to prove ineffective. In the end, fifteen joints of high grade marijuana were becoming ineffective for him as well. He often futile to acquire his "high" from that either. This entire process occurred within five years of the client's first ever experience bearing in mind marijuana. What is high and low grade marijuana, and why would marijuana start to lose its effects after a while?

The potency of marijuana is measured by the THC content within. As the push upon the street becomes more competitive, the potency upon the street becomes more pure. This has caused a trend in ever rising potency that responds to demand. One average joint of marijuana smoked today has the equivalent THC potency as ten average joints of marijuana smoked during the 1960's (Hazelden, 2005).

THC levels will depend mainly on what allocation of the cannabis leaf is instinctive used for production. For instance cannabis buds can be amongst two to nine time more potent than adequately developed leaves. Hash oil, a form of marijuana developed by distilling cannabis resin, can concur difficult levels of THC than even tall grade buds (Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004).

Tolerance:

The obsession to raise the amount of marijuana one smokes, or the craving to put in from low grade to high grade is known clinically as tolerance. The brain is efficient. As it recognizes that neuroreceptors are innate stimulated without the neurotransmitters emitting those chemical signals, the brain resourcefully lowers its chemical output hence the sum levels are back up to normal. The smoker will not air the high anymore as his brain is now "tolerating" the unconventional levels of chemicals and he or she is urge on to feeling normal. The smoker now raises the dose to get the outmoded high back up and the cycle continues. The smoker may find switching in the works in grades energetic for a while. Eventually the brain can cease to develop the chemical altogether, certainly relying on the synthetic tab being ingested (Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004; Hazelden, 2005).

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Why isn't there any withdrawal?

The flip side of the tolerance process is known as "dependence." As the body stops producing its own natural chemicals, it now needs the marijuana user to continue smoking in order to continue the energetic of chemicals without interruption. The body is now ordering the ingestion of the THC making it certainly difficult to quit. In fact, studies act out that marijuana dependency is even more powerful than seemingly harder drugs with cocaine (Gold, Frost-Pineda, & Jacobs, 2004).

With quitting further drugs afterward stimulants, opioids, or alcohol the body reacts in negative and sometimes severely risky ways. This is due to the rushed deficiency of chemical input tied together similar to the fact that the brain has stopped its own natural neurotransmission of those chemicals long ago. This is the phenomenon of termination (Haney, 2004; Hazelden, 2005; Jaffe & Jaffe, 2004; Tabakoff & Hoffman, 2004).

While research has shown comparable dissolution reactions is marijuana users as in alcohol or further drugs (Ashton, 2001), what I have witnessed many get older in my personal dealings gone clients is the apparent nonattendance of invalidation experienced by most marijuana users. Of course they experience cravings, but they don't savings account having the same neurophysical termination greeting that the supplementary drug users have. Some marijuana smokers use this as their resolved proof that marijuana "is not a drug" and they should thus not be subjugated to the thesame treatment and bustle of recovery efforts as additional drug or alcohol abusers.